Some people believe that fire is alive! Because of the way it moves, creates heat and noise, and spreads, it seems to have a life of its own.

The ancient Greeks believed that fire – along with earth, water, and air – was one of the four essential elements that made up the world. We now know that the world's a lot more complicated, with over a hundred elements of matter which can be combined in a tremendous variety of ways. This might leave you wondering where fire fits in. What exactly is fire?

Typically, fire comes from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel (wood or gasoline, for example). Of course, wood and gasoline don't spontaneously catch on fire just because they're surrounded by oxygen. For the combustion reaction to happen, you have to heat the fuel to its ignition temperature.

Watching a flame dance through the air, you might conclude that fire's a gas, like oxygen or carbon dioxide. It's not. Fire can burn fuel that's a gas, or a liquid, or even a solid–as in the case of glowing charcoal. But the fire itself isn't any of these things. In fact, fire isn't any thing at all. It's not its own type of matter; it's something that matter can do.

A fire needs oxygen and some kind of fuel. This fuel – whether it's candle wax, wood, or gasoline – usually contains big molecules that have carbon atoms inside them. You can think of these molecules as little containers of energy. When they're allowed to combine with oxygen, this energy is released as heat and light.

Fire is a rapid chemical reaction known as oxidation. Inside a fire, oxygen molecules break bigger molecules apart into carbon dioxide and water vapor. All the heat and light of a fire comes from big, carbon-based molecules combining with oxygen.

So what is fire? It's not the fuel or the oxygen or the heat or the light. Fire is what happens between all these things. It's a chemical reaction.  

 

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